Discussion 1: Control, Environment Diagrams

• disc01.pdf

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Control structures

Control structures direct the flow of a program using logical statements. For example, conditionals (if-elif-else) allow a program to skip sections of code, and iteration (while), allows a program to repeat a section.

Conditional statements

Conditional statements let programs execute different lines of code depending on certain conditions. Let’s review the if-elif-else syntax:

• The elif and else clauses are optional, and you can have any number of elif clauses.
• A conditional expression is an expression that evaluates to either a truthy value (True, a non-zero integer, etc.) or a falsy value (False, 0, None, "", [], etc.).
• Only the suite that is indented under the first if/elif whose conditional expression evaluates to a true value will be executed.
• If none of the conditional expressions evaluate to a true value, then the else suite is executed. There can only be one else clause in a conditional statement.

Here's the general form:

if <conditional expression>:
    <suite of statements>
elif <conditional expression>:
    <suite of statements>
else:
    <suite of statements>

Boolean Operators

Python also includes the boolean operators and, or, and not. These operators are used to combine and manipulate boolean values.

• not returns the opposite boolean value of the following expression, and will always return either True or False.
• and evaluates expressions in order and stops evaluating (short-circuits) once it reaches the first falsy value, and then returns it. If all values evaluate to a truthy value, the last value is returned.
• or evalutes expressions in order and short-circuits at the first truthy value and returns it. If all values evaluate to a falsy value, the last value is returned.

For example:

>>> not None
True
>>> not True
False
>>> -1 and 0 and 1
0
>>> False or 9999 or 1/0
9999

Q1: Jacket Weather?

Alfonso will only wear a jacket outside if it is below 60 degrees or it is raining.

Write a function that takes in the current temperature and a boolean value telling if it is raining. This function should return True if Alfonso will wear a jacket and False otherwise.

First, try solving this problem using an if statement.

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Note that we’ll either return True or False based on a single condition, whose truthiness value will also be either True or False. Knowing this, try to write this function using a single line.

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Q2: Case Conundrum

In this question, we will explore the difference between if and elif.

What is the result of evaluating the following code?

def special_case():
    x = 10
    if x > 0:
        x += 2
    elif x < 13:
        x += 3
    elif x % 2 == 1:
        x += 4
    return x

special_case()

Your Answer:

What is the result of evaluating this piece of code?

def just_in_case():
    x = 10
    if x > 0:
        x += 2
    if x < 13:
        x += 3
    if x % 2 == 1:
        x += 4
    return x

just_in_case()

Your Answer:

How about this piece of code?

def case_in_point():
    x = 10
    if x > 0:
        return x + 2
    if x < 13:
        return x + 3
    if x % 2 == 1:
        return x + 4
    return x

case_in_point()

Your Answer:

Which of these code snippets result in the same output, and why? Based on your findings, when do you think using a series of if statements has the same effect as using both if and elif cases?

Your Answer:

Q3: If Function vs Statement

Now that we've learned about how if statements work, let's see if we can write a function that behaves the same as an if statement.

def if_function(condition, true_result, false_result):
    """Return true_result if condition is a true value, and
    false_result otherwise.

    >>> if_function(True, 2, 3)
    2
    >>> if_function(False, 2, 3)
    3
    >>> if_function(3==2, 'equal', 'not equal')
    'not equal'
    >>> if_function(3>2, 'bigger', 'smaller')
    'bigger'
    """
    if condition:
        return true_result
    else:
        return false_result

Despite the doctests above, this function actually does not do the same thing as an if statement in all cases.

To demonstrate this, we want to find a case where this function will behave differently from an if statement. To do so in this problem, implement the following,

• cond: This should act as the "condition" of the "if".
• true_func: This should represent what we would want the result of the "if" to be in the case that the "condition" is truthy.
• false_func: This should represent what we would want the result of the "if" to be in the case that the "condition" is falsy.

so that with_if_function does not behave the same as with_if_statement, namely as specified in their doctests:

• When with_if_statement is called, we print out 61A.
• When with_if_function is called, we print out both Welcome to and 61A on separate lines.

Implement cond, true_func, and false_func below.

Hint: If you are having a hard time identifying how with_if_statement and with_if_function would differ in behavior, consider the rules of evaluation for if statements and call expressions.

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While loops

To repeat the same statements multiple times in a program, we can use iteration. In Python, one way we can do this is with a while loop.

while <conditional clause>:
    <statements body>

As long as <conditional clause> evaluates to a true value, <statements body> will continue to be executed. The conditional clause gets evaluated each time the body finishes executing.

Q4: Square So Slow

What is the result of evaluating the following code?

def square(x):
    print("here!")
    return x * x

def so_slow(num):
    x = num
    while x > 0:
        x=x+1
    return x / 0

square(so_slow(5))

Hint: What happens to x over time?

Your Answer:

Q5: Is Prime?

Write a function that returns True if a positive integer n is a prime number and False otherwise.

A prime number n is a number that is not divisible by any numbers other than 1 and n itself. For example, 13 is prime, since it is only divisible by 1 and 13, but 14 is not, since it is divisible by 1, 2, 7, and 14.

Hint: Use the % operator: x % y returns the remainder of x when divided by y.

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Q6: Fizzbuzz

Implement the fizzbuzz sequence, which prints out a single statement for each number from 1 to n. For a number i,

• If i is divisible by 3 only, then we print "fizz".
• If i is divisible by 5 only, then we print "buzz".
• If i is divisible by both 3 and 5, then we print "fizzbuzz".
• Otherwise, we print the number i by itself.

Implement fizzbuzz(n) here:

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Environment Diagrams

An environment diagram is a model we use to keep track of all the variables that have been defined and the values they are bound to. We will be using this tool throughout the course to understand complex programs involving several different assignments and function calls.

Here's a short program and its corresponding diagram:

Remember that programs are mainly just a set of statements or instructions—so drawing diagrams that represent these programs also involves following sets of instructions! Let’s dive in...

Assignment Statements

Assignment statements, such as x = 3, define variables in programs. To execute one in an environment diagram, record the variable name and the value:

1. Evaluate the expression on the right side of the = sign.
2. Write the variable name and the expression’s value in the current frame.

Q7: Assignment Diagram

Use these rules to draw an environment diagram for the assignment statements below:

x = 11 % 4
y = x
x **= 2

def Statements

A def statement creates ("defines") a function object and binds it to a name. To diagram def statements, record the function name and bind the function object to the name. It’s also important to write the parent frame of the function, which is where the function is defined.

A very important note: Assignments for def statements use pointers to functions, which can have different behavior than primitive assignments (such as variables bound to numbers).

1. Draw the function object to the right-hand-side of the frames, denoting the intrinsic name of the function, its parameters, and the parent frame (e.g. func square(x) [parent = Global].
2. Write the function name in the current frame and draw an arrow from the name to the function object.

Q8: def Diagram

Use these rules for defining functions and the rules for assignment statements to draw a diagram for the code below.

def double(x):
    return x * 2

def triple(x):
    return x * 3

hat = double
double = triple

Call Expressions

Call expressions, such as square(2), apply functions to arguments. When executing call expressions, we create a new frame in our diagram to keep track of local variables:

1. Evaluate the operator, which should evaluate to a function.
2. Evaluate the operands from left to right.

3. Draw a new frame, labelling it with the following:

   • A unique index (f1, f2, f3, ...).
   • The intrinsic name of the function, which is the name of the function object itself. For example, if the function object is func square(x) [parent=Global], the intrinsic name is square.
   • The parent frame ([parent=Global]).
4. Bind the formal parameters to the argument values obtained in step 2 (e.g. bind x to 3).
5. Evaluate the body of the function in this new frame until a return value is obtained. Write down the return value in the frame.

If a function does not have a return value, it implicitly returns None. In that case, the “Return value” box should contain None.

Note: Since we do not know how built-in functions like min(...) or imported functions like add(...) are implemented, we do not draw a new frame when we call them, since we would not be able to fill it out accurately.

Q9: Call Diagram

Let’s put it all together! Draw an environment diagram for the following code. You may not have to use all of the blanks provided to you.

def double(x):
    return x * 2

hmmm = double
wow = double(3)
hmmm(wow)

Q10: Nested Calls Diagrams

Draw the environment diagram that results from executing the code below. You may not need to use all of the frames and blanks provided to you.

def f(x):
    return x

def g(x, y):
    if x(y):
        return not y
    return y

x = 3
x = g(f, x)
f = g(f, 0)